Abstract

Jayatheertha S. Lokapur*, Ramesh V. Kinhal, Ravi Sondur, Arpitha J. Lokapur, Pradeep B. Mirje and Ravi Sondur

ABSTRACT

Glaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is primarily managed by reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Pharmacologic intervention remains the first line of treatment, with several classes of drugs available to lower IOP. This review explores the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, side effects, and future directions of antiglaucoma medications, including prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and rho-kinase inhibitors. We also discuss combination therapies and emerging drug delivery systems that aim to enhance compliance and therapeutic outcomes. The only sense organ needed for vision is the eye. Conditions that impair the eyes' ability to function properly, such as glaucoma, cataracts, diabetic retinopathy, etc., can occasionally result in blindness. The peculiar anatomy of the eye makes treating eye problems extremely difficult. Good ocular bioavailability is not achieved with the conventional therapy modalities. The provesicular systems are next-generation delivery methods that can increase medication bioavailability and deliver therapeutic effects throughout the specified length of time in a regulated way. Although liposomes were the first of this type of delivery system, niosomes were developed instead because of their instability and expensive cost.