Abstract

Sonam Vishwakarma, Mahak Shukla, *Rupesh Kumar Jain, Vivek Jain, Muskan Lodhi

ABSTRACT

Alzheimer’s disease, the most common neurodegenerative disease, affects more than 60 million people worldwide. It is characterized by progressive memory loss, impaired behavior, mood changes and disturbed daily routine of the patient. There are several active molecules which have potential to slow the disease progression. The drug delivery is significantly restricted by the Blood–Brain Barrier. Therefore, targeted drug delivery are used to enhance the efficacy of drug. Liposomes are lipophilic carriers that consist of a phospholipid bilayer structure, simulating the physiological lipidic layer of the blood–brain barrier and enabling better delivery of the drug to the brain. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems have emerged as promising approaches to overcome these limitations. Among them, liposomes have gained considerable attention because of their biocompatibility, biodegradability, low toxicity, and ability to encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs. Their phospholipid bilayer structure resembles biological membranes, enabling improved BBB penetration and targeted brain delivery. Surface-functionalized liposomes further enhance therapeutic efficacy by improving drug stability, bioavailability, and site-specific targeting while reducing peripheral toxicity. This review highlights the stages and pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease, challenges associated with brain drug delivery, currently approved therapies, and the role of nanotechnology in AD management. Particular emphasis is placed on liposome-based drug delivery systems, including their mechanisms, functionalization strategies, therapeutic potential, and current research developments. Furthermore, the review discusses the challenges and future prospects of liposomal nanocarriers in achieving safe and effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease.