Abstract

Muhammad Asad Ayub and Hina Ayub*

ABSTRACT

Agricultural practices commonly use pesticides to protect crops from pests and increase yields. However, in addition to the target species, they can also adversely affect non-target species, such as birds. Among the issues explored in this review are the mechanisms of pesticide toxicity, the types of pesticides commonly used, and the ecological consequences of pesticide exposure. As a result of our findings, pesticides can harm birds in various ways, including direct toxicity, indirect effects on food availability, and habitat degradation. Additionally, there is a possibility that the current regulatory system is insufficient to prevent the long-term impacts of pesticide exposure on bird populations.